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Coloman, King of Hungary
Coloman the Learned, also the Book-Lover or the Bookish ((ハンガリー語:Könyves Kálmán); (クロアチア語:Koloman); (スロバキア語:Koloman Učený); 10703 February 1116) was King of Hungary from 1095 and King of Croatia from 1097. Coloman and his younger brother Álmos were still under-age when their father King Géza I of Hungary died and their uncle Ladislaus I ascended the throne in 1077. According to late medieval Hungarian chronicles, the king decided to prepare Colomanwho was physically challengedfor a church career. Coloman was appointed bishop of Eger or Várad (Oradea, Romania) in the early 1090s.
The dying King Ladislaus preferred Álmos to Coloman when nominating his heir in early 1095. Coloman fled from Hungary but returned around 19 July 1095 when his uncle died. Coloman was crowned in early 1096; the circumstances of his accession to the throne are unknown. He granted the so-called "duchy"one-third of the Kingdom of Hungaryto Álmos.
In the year of Coloman's coronation, at least five large groups of crusaders arrived in Hungary on their way to the Holy Land. Coloman allowed the organized groups to pass through Hungary peacefully but mercilessly annihilated the bands entering his kingdom unauthorized or pillaging the countryside. He invaded Croatia and defeated its last native king Petar Svačić in 1097. Coloman was crowned king of Croatia in 1102. According to the late 14th-century ''Pacta conventa'', the authenticity of which is not universally accepted by scholars, Coloman was only crowned after having ratified a treaty with the leaders of the Croatian nobility.
Coloman had to face his brother's lust for power throughout his life; Álmos devised plots to overthrow him on at least five occasions. In retaliation, Coloman seized his brother's duchy in 1107 or 1108 and had Álmos and Álmos' son, Béla blinded in about 1114. Hungarian chronicles, which were compiled in the reign of kings descending from his mutilated brother and nephew, depict Coloman as a bloodthirsty and unfortunate monarch. On the other hand, Coloman is portrayed as "the most well-versed in the science of letters among all the kings of his day"〔''The Deeds of the Princes of the Poles'' (ch. 2.29.), p. 173.〕 by the contemporaneous chronicler Gallus Anonymus. Coloman's decrees, which governed many aspects of lifeincluding taxation, trade and relations between his Christian and non-Christian subjectsremained unmodified for more than a century. He was the first Hungarian king to renounce the control of the appointment of prelates in his realms.
==Life==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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